The agriculture in Iran


THE AGRICULTURE IN IRAN

The map of Iran
Iranian farmers harvesting sugar beets

Introduction to Iranian country and people

Iranian Country

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Southwest Asia.
Iran is a country of mountains and deserts. Eastern Iran is dominated by a high plateau, with large salt flats and vast sand deserts. The plateau is surrounded by even higher mountains, including the Zagros to the west and the Elburz to the north. Iran’s neighbors are Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Armenia on the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan on the east, and Turkey and Iraq on the west.
Iran's geography consists of a plateau surrounded by mountains and divided into drainage basins.

Iranian People

The Iranian people are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group, consisting of the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of Indo-European-speaking people.
Their current distribution is spread across the Iranian plateau, stretching from the Indus in the east to central Anatolia in the west, and from Central Asia and the Caucasus to the Persian Gulf - a region that is sometimes termed the Iranian cultural continent, or Greater Persia by scholars, representing the extent of the Iranian languages and influence of the Persian People, through the geopolitical reach of the Persian empire.
Current Population of Iran
-2011 census =74,700,000 
-2012 estimate =78,868,711 (18th).
-Density: 48/km2 (162rd) -124/sq mi.

Geography of Iran

Location
Iran lies between
-Latitudes 24° - 40° N.
-Longitudes 44° - 64°E.
Its borders are with 
-Azerbaijan (611 km/380 mi (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave (179 km/111 mi ));
-Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the north-west;
-the Caspian Sea to the north;
-Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the north-east; 
-Pakistan (909 km/565 mi) to the east;
-Afghanistan (936 km/582 mi) to the east;
-Turkey (499 km/310 mi) to the west;
-Iraq (1,458 km/906 mi) to the west;
-and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.
Area
-Total:1,648,195 km2 (18th) 636,372 sq mi 
-Water = 0.7 (%)
-Arable land: 10%
-Permanent crops: 1%
-Permanent pastures: 27%
-Forests and woodlands: 13%
-Other: 49% (1998 est.)
-Irrigated land: 94,000 km2 (36,000 sq mi) (1993 est.)
Topography
Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another.
The center of Iran consists of several closed basins that collectively are referred to as the Central Plateau. The average elevation of this plateau is about 900 meters (2,953 ft), but several of the mountains that tower over the plateau exceed 3,000 meters (9,843 ft). The eastern part of the plateau is covered by two salt deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) and the Dasht-e Lut. Except for some scattered oases, these deserts are uninhabited.
The northern part of Iran is covered by dense rain forests called Shomal or the Jungles of Iran.
The eastern part consists mostly of desert basins such as the Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's largest desert, in the north-central portion of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut, in the east, as well as some salt lakes.
The southeast is a vast expanse of sand, like a Saharan erg, with dunes 300 m (1000 ft) high, among the tallest in the world.
The eastern part of Dasht-e Lut is a low plateau covered with salt flats.
Iran’s Deserts
Dasht-e Lut is a large salt desert in southeastern Iran and is the world's 25th largest desert. It is one of the largest of these desert basins, 480 kilometers (300 miles) long and 320 kilometers (200 miles) wide, and is considered to be one of the driest places on Earth.
Area of the desert is about 51,800 square kilometers (20,000 mi²).
Forest
More than one-tenth of the country is forested.
According to FAO reports, the major types of forests that exist in Iran and their respective areas are:
1. Caspian forests of the northern districts – 19,000 km2 (7,300 sq mi)
2. Limestone mountainous forests in the northeastern districts (Juniper forests – 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi)
3. Pistachio forests in the eastern, southern and southeastern districts – 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi)
4. Oak forests in the central and western districts – 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi)
5. Shrubs of the Kavir (desert) districts in the central and northeastern part of the country – 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
6. Sub-tropical forests of the southern coast, like the Hara forests – 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)
More than 2,000 plant species are grown in Iran. The land covered by Iran's natural flora is four times that of the Europe’s.
Although forests and pastures are nationalized and 12% of forested land is nominally protected, forest destruction by the private sector is routine.
Between 1954 and 2004, an estimated 41% of Iran’s forest land was lost.
The natural forest vegetation is temperate deciduous broadleaved forest.
Wildlife
Wildlife of Iran is diverse and composed of several animal species including bears, gazelles, wild pigs, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, and foxes. Domestic animals include sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are also native to Iran.
Natural resources
Petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Capital, Provinces and large cities
-Capital (and largest city): Tehran 35°41′N 51°25′E
-Provinces: Iran is divided into thirty one provinces (ostān).
-Largest cities (census, 2007) : Tehran (7,088,287 ), Mashhad (2,527,316), Isfahan (1,602,110), Tabriz (1,398,060), Karaj (1,386,030), Shiraz (1,227,331).

Climate

Temperatures
-Lowest: below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall (in the high mountain area of the West.
-Average: 29 °C (84.2 °F) - 38 °C (100.4 °F).
-Highest: 70.7oC (159o F) in Dasht-e Lut desert (NASA's satellite from 2003 – 2005).
Rainfall
-Lowest: 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in) (in The eastern and central basins)
-Average: 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain.
-Highest: more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part.

History

Pre-Historic era (75,000 -3200 BC ).
Early history (3200 BC – 625 BC).
Pre-Islamic statehood (625 BC – 651 AD).
Middle Ages (652–1501).
Early modern era (1501–1925).
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979).
Islamic Republic (1979-present)

Culture

Like other Indo-Europeans, the early Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics and farmers and poetic hymns and sagas to recount their deeds.
The culture of Iran is a mix of ancient pre-Islamic culture and Islamic culture. Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle East and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the 2nd millennium, and the language of religion and the populace before that.This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.
Nowruz was registered on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity and described as the Persian New Year by the UNESCO in 2009.

Language 

Official language(s) Persian (Farsi) (Article 15 of the Iranian constitution states).
Spoken languages    PersianAzeri, Kurdish, Lori, Balochi, Gilaki, Arabic, Turkmen, Armenian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.

Current constitution 

Government Islamic republic
-Supreme Leader                        Ayatullah Al-Uzma Seyed Ali Khamenei
-President                                    Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
-First Vice President                   Mohammad-Reza Rahimi
-Speaker of the Parliament         Ali Larijani
-Chief Justice                              Sadeq Larijani
Religion
Religion in Iran is dominated by the Twelver Shi'a branch of Islam, which is the official state religion and to which about 90% to 95% of Iranians belong. About 4% to 8% of Iranians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni. The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians. 
The political system
The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader.
Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC.
Economy
+GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate
-Total $990.219 billion.
-Per capita $13,053.
+GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate
-Total $482.445 billion.
-Per capita $6,359.
+Gini (2008) 38 (medium) 
+HDI (2011) increase 0.707 (high) (88th)
+Currency Rial (IRR).
The United Nations (UN) classifies Iran's economy as semi-developed (1998).
In the early 21st century the service sector contributed the largest percentage of the GDP, followed by industry (mining and manufacturing) and agriculture.
In 2008, Iran's official annual growth rate was 6%.
In 2009 GDP was $336 billion ($876 billion at PPP), or $12,900 at PPP per capita.
In 2010, the economic reform plan was approved by parliament to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards free market prices in a 5-year period and increase productivity and social justice.
Iranian Cuisine
The cuisine of Iran is diverse, with each province featuring dishes, as well as culinary traditions and styles, distinct to their regions. The main Persian cuisines are combinations of rice with meat, chicken or fish and some onion, vegetables, nuts, and herbs.
Iranian cuisine or Persian cuisine is one of the world's most ancient and developed styles of cooking.
The main foods are rice, bread, meat and vegetables.

The Agriculture in Iran

Introduction
Roughly 1/3 of Iran's total surface area is suited for farmland, but because of poor soil and lack of adequate water distribution in many areas, most of it is not under cultivation.
Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation (arable land, orchards and vineyards) but less than 1/3 of the cultivated area is irrigated; the rest is devoted to dry farming. Some 92% of agro products depend on water. The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. Iran's food security index stands at around 96 percent.
One third of the total land area (35%) is used for grazing and small fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts ("Dasht's") of Central Iran.
The non-agricultural surface represents 53% of the total area of Iran, as follows:
-Abb. 35% of the country is covered by deserts, salt flats ("kavirs") and bare-rock mountains, not suited for agricultural purposes.
-An additional 11% of Iran's total surface is covered by woodlands.
-And 7% is covered by cities, towns, villages, industrial areas and roads.
At the end of the 20th century, agricultural activities accounted for about 1/5 of Iran's gross domestic product (GDP) and employed a comparable proportion of the workforce. Most farms are small, less than 25 acres (10 hectares), and thus are not economically viable, which has contributed to the wide-scale migration to cities. In addition to water scarcity and areas of poor soil, seed is of low quality and farming techniques are antiquated.
All these factors have contributed to low crop yields and poverty in rural areas. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s, however, improved agricultural productivity marginally, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production.
Land use and irrigation
Overall, Iran's soil is not well suited for large scale agriculture. About 12% of the country's total land area of 1,636,000 km² is cultivated. Still, 63% of the cultivable lands have not been used, and 185,000 km² of the present farms are being used with 50 to 60% capacity.
Both irrigated and rain-fed farming are used in Iran. In 2005, some 13.05 million hectares of land was under cultivation, of which 50.45% was allocated to irrigated farming and the remaining 49.55% to rain-fed system.
The wide range of temperature fluctuation in different parts of the country and the multiplicity of climatic zones make it possible to cultivate a diverse variety of crops, including cereals (wheat, barley, rice, and maize (corn)), fruits (dates, figs, pomegranates, melons, and grapes), vegetables, cotton, sugar beets and sugarcane, pistachios  (World's largest producer with 40% of the world's output in 2005), nuts, olives,  spices e.g. saffron (world's largest producer with 81% of the world's total output), raisin (world's third largest producer & second largest exporter), tea, tobacco, Berberis (world's largest producer) and medicinal herbs.
 More than 2,000 plant species are grown in Iran; only 100 of which are being used in pharmaceutical industries. The land covered by Iran's natural flora is four times that of Europe.
Iranian major crops
Wheat, rice, and barley are the country's major crops. The Iranian grain sector is highly regulated. Producers receive subsidised access to input costs such as fertiliser and pesticides, as well as a guaranteed support price for their crops.
Wheat: In 2007 Iran exported close to 600,000 tones of wheat (out of a production of 15 million tonnes). Approximately 6 million tons of wheat will be purchased from 15 countries in 2009 because of the drought in 2008, thus making Iran the largest wheat importer in the world. Wheat production reached 14 million tons in 2010. According to the FAO, Iran is the 12th leading producer of wheat in the world, with an average production of 14 million tons in 2011.
Rice: Iran's total rice production stands at 2.2 million tons per annum whereas annual consumption is about three million tons (2008). Iran has imported about 630,000 tons of rice from UAE, Pakistan and Uruguay worth $271 million in 2008 and 1.4 million tons of rice, worth $800 million in 2009. Iran's rice imports drop by 40% in 2010. Iran’s rice production in 2011 was 2.4 million tons, which increased from a total of 2.3 million tons in the previous year. Iran has 3,800 rice milling units (2009). The average per capita consumption of rice in Iran is 45.5 kg, which makes Iranians the 13th biggest rice consumers.
Sugar: In 2008, Iran had a shortage of 400,000 tons to 600,000 tons of sugar nationwide. Sugar companies suffered from massive imports of cheap sugar over the past few years, which led to a 50% drop in the capacity of the sugar industry’s production in 2008. The lack of import tariffs was the main reason for the domestic sugar industry suffering in this manner.
Pistachio: Iran ranks the world's largest pistachio producer and exporter followed by USA and Turkey. After oil and carpets, pistachios are Iran's biggest exports: about 200,000 tons for $840 million in 2008. More than 350,000 people earn a living from the nut, most of them in vast groves of the desert oases in southeast. Iran's share in the global pistachio market reached 50 percent in 2010.
Saffron: Saffron is cultivated in many regions of the country, the provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan in the northeast have the highest production share. Iran's saffron is exported to the United Arab Emirates, Spain, Japan, Turkmenistan, France, Italy and US. The northeastern Khorasan Razavi province exported 57 tons of saffron worth $156.5 million to 41 countries in 2010. The high production cost comes from the exhaustive process of extracting the stamens from the flower and the amount of flowers necessary to produce small amounts of spice but the process is in the process of being automated now. Iran is the largest producer of Saffron with 93.7% of the world's total production.
Tea: Tea production rose to 190,000 tons in 2007 from 130,000 tons in 2004. 75,000 tons of tea is smuggled into Iran each year (2008).
Horticulture: Close to 19 million tons of horticultural crops will be produced by the end of Fourth Plan (2005–10)/
Fruits: Iran exported more than 35,000 tons of citrus fruits valued at $20.8 million to 36 countries in 2008. Iran is the largest producer of berries and stone fruits in the world.
Livestock
Of the country's livestock, sheep are by far the most numerous, followed by goats, cattle, donkeys, horses, water buffalo, and mules. The raising of poultry for eggs and meat is prevalent. One area where production infrastructure has progressed rapidly is the poultry sector. The face of the industry has now been transformed dramatically so that the entire supply chain process can take place domestically.
Iran has also a large dairy industry and imported close to two million tonnes of feed grain annually in 2006. The raising of Pigs is forbidden in Iran due to Islamic law.
Production of livestock increased over the past three years to reach 11.3 million tons in 2008 from the 10.6 million tons in 2007, and 9.9 million tons in 2006. Meat processing capacity is at 400,000 tons and 140 production units (2009). In 2008, per capita meat consumption was 26 kg. Iran produced 950,000 tons of red meat and 1,600,000 tons of chicken in 2010.
Fishing
Some 692,000 tons of aquatics will be produced across the country by the end of the 2008, of which 236,000 tons would be bred and the rest fished from the sea. Per capita consumption of seafood in Iran will reach 8.5 kg by March 2009 and 10 kg a year later.
Caviar
Iranian caviar export is expected to reach $22 million by March 2009. Iran is the world's largest producer and exporter of caviar in the world, exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.
The following shows area harvested (ha), yield (kg/ha) and total production (tonnes) of all most agricultural crops of Iran on 2010:
Area Harvested
 (Ha)
Yield
 (kg/Ha)
Production (tonnes)
Alfalfa for forage and silage
650,000
F
33,076.9
Fc
21,500,000
F
Almonds, with shell
170,000
F
929.7
Fc
158,050

Anise, badian, fennel, corian.
29,300
Im
1,068.3
Fc
31,300
Im
Apples
130,291

12,759.4
Fc
1,662,430

Apricots
50,000
F
8,000.0
Fc
400,000
F
Artichokes
870
Im
18,160.9
Fc
15,800
Im
Asparagus
760
Im
20,789.5
Fc
15,800
Im
Bananas
3,900
Im
27,769.2
Fc
108,300
Im
Barley
1,584,210

2,026.0
Fc
3,209,590

Beans, dry
90,844

2,136.8
Fc
194,111

Beans, green
4,900
Im
8,591.8
Fc
42,100
Im
Berries Nes
31,600
Im
5,667.7
Fc
179,100
Im
Cabbages and other brassicas
12,100
Im
30,735.5
Fc
371,900
Im
Carrots and turnips
10,100
Im
30,287.1
Fc
305,900
Im
Cauliflowers and broccoli
1,300
Im
31,461.5
Fc
40,900
Im
Cherries
30,400
Im
8,404.6
Fc
255,500
Im
Chick peas
508,313

471.7
Fc
239,768

Chillies and peppers, dry
1,300
Im
2,230.8
Fc
2,900
Im
Chillies and peppers, green
3,000
Im
12,200.0
Fc
36,600
Im
Citrus fruit, nes
6,400
Im
13,593.8
Fc
87,000
Im
Clover for forage and silage
58,000
F
14,827.6
Fc
860,000
F
Cotton lint


. 

72,000
*
Cottonseed


. 

110,000
*
Cucumbers and gherkins
75,119

24,116.8
Fc
1,811,630

Dates
156,618

6,532.6
Fc
1,023,130

Dry Apricots


. 

3,600
Fc
Eggplants (aubergines)
29,300
Im
30,324.2
Fc
888,500
Im
Figs
18,950

4,032.4
Fc
76,414

Figs Dried


. 

11,462
Fc
forage Products
215,000
F
19,534.9
Fc
4,200,000
F
Fruit Dried Nes


. 

3,000
Fc
Fruit Fresh Nes
112,700
Im
19,249.3
Fc
2,169,400
Im
Fruit Juice Nes


. 

37,260
Fc
Fruit Prp Nes


.. 

13,500
Fc
Fruit Tropical Dried Nes


. 

716
Fc
Fruit,Nut,Peel, Sugar Prs


. 

390
Fc
Garlic
7,200
Im
9,166.7
Fc
66,000
Im
Grape Juice


. 

7,000
Fc
Grapefruit (inc. pomelos)
2,100
Im
22,142.9
Fc
46,500
Im
Grapefruit juice, concentrated


. 

59
F
Grapes
220,836

10,214.2
Fc
2,255,670

Groundnuts, with shell
1,400
Im
2,428.6
Fc
3,400
Im
Hazelnuts, with shell
21,000
Im
1,157.1
Fc
24,300
Im
Homogen. Cooked Fruit Prp


. 

23,940
F
Juice of Grapefruit


. 

650
Fc
Kiwi fruit
3,100
Im
11,032.3
Fc
34,200
Im
Leeks, other alliaceous veg
550
Im
28,727.3
Fc
15,800
Im
Leguminous vegetables, nes
870
Im
18,160.9
Fc
15,800
Im
Lemons and limes
50,700
Im
13,940.8
Fc
706,800
Im
Lentils
161,888

489.1
Fc
79,174

Lettuce and chicory
12,600
Im
31,968.3
Fc
402,800
Im
Linseed
1,100
Im
763.6
Fc
840
Im
Maize
240,209

7,226.8
Fc
1,735,940

Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas
2,300
Im
7,087.0
Fc
16,300
Im
Melonseed
730
Im
575.3
Fc
420
Im
Millet
17,300
Im
560.7
Fc
9,700
Im
Mushrooms and truffles


. 

27,500
Im
Nuts, nes
600
Im
2,166.7
Fc
1,300
Im
Oilseeds, Nes
140
Im
857.1
Fc
120
Im
Olives
29,700
Im
1,242.4
Fc
36,900
Im
Onions, dry
55,741

34,498.3
Fc
1,922,970

Orange juice, single strength


. 

918
Fc
Oranges
114,885

13,081.1
Fc
1,502,820

Other melons (inc.cantaloupes)
74,900
Im
17,591.5
Fc
1,317,600
Im
Papayas
130
Im
8,461.5
Fc
1,100
Im
Peaches and nectarines
45,000
F
11,111.1
Fc
500,000
F
Pears
13,300
F
12,030.1
Fc
160,000
F
Peas, green
3,800
Im
7,552.6
Fc
28,700
Im
Persimmons
260
Im
8,076.9
Fc
2,100
Im
Pineapple Juice Conc


. 

102
Fc
Pistachios
251,467

1,776.2
Fc
446,647

Plums and sloes
10,683

25,193.2
Fc
269,139

Plums Dried (Prunes)


. 

3,600
Fc
Potatoes
146,306

27,712.4
Fc
4,054,490

Pulses, nes
29,392

1,794.5
Fc
52,744

Pumpkins, squash and gourds
45,200
Im
15,389.4
Fc
695,600
Im
Quinces
5,200
Im
7,211.5
Fc
37,500
Im
Rapeseed
185,000
*
2,054.1
Fc
380,000
*
Rice, paddy
563,517

4,060.5
Fc
2,288,150

Safflower seed
740
Im
635.1
Fc
470
Im
Seed cotton
91,019

2,553.6
Fc
232,426

Sesame seed
40,000
*
700.0
Fc
28,000
*
Sour cherries
13,350

7,977.5
Fc
106,500
F
Soybeans
76,076

2,138.6
Fc
162,698

Spices, nes
22,600
Im
508.9
Fc
11,500
Im
Spinach
3,800
Im
20,263.2
Fc
77,000
Im
Stone fruit, nes
48,100
Im
4,546.8
Fc
218,700
Im
Strawberries
2,400
Im
13,041.7
Fc
31,300
Im
Sugar beet
99,486

39,169.5
Fc
3,896,820

Sugar cane
68,352

83,173.7
Fc
5,685,090

Sunflower seed
67,000
*
740.3
Fc
49,600
*
Tangerines, mandarins, clem.
9,769

28,266.8
Fc
276,138

Tea
19,473

8,510.1
Fc
165,717

Tobacco, unmanufactured
9,586

1,475.6
Fc
14,145

Tomatoes
146,985

35,759.5
Fc
5,256,110

Vegetables fresh nes
86,800
Im
21,389.4
Fc
1,856,600
Im
Walnuts, with shell
60,600
Im
4,460.4
Fc
270,300
Im
Watermelons
135,962

25,498.9
Fc
3,466,880

Wheat
7,035,020

2,136.3
Fc
15,028,800

Cereals (Rice Milled Eqv + (Total)
9,440,256
A
2,278.6
Fc
21,510,226
A
Cereals,Total + (Total)
9,440,256
A
2,359.3
Fc
22,272,180
A
Citrus Fruit,Total + (Total)
183,854
A
14,246.4
Fc
2,619,258
A
Coarse Grain, Total + (Total)
1,841,719
A
2,690.5
Fc
4,955,230
A
Fibre Crops Primary + (Total)
91,019
A
791.0
Fc
72,000
A
Fruit excl Melons,Total + (Total)
1,082,973
A
11,197.0
Fc
12,126,041
A
Oilcakes Equivalent + (Total)
463,205
A
977.2
Fc
452,665
A
Oilcrops Primary + (Total)
492,905
A
473.6
Fc
233,420
A
Pulses,Total + (Total)
790,437
A
715.8
Fc
565,797
A
Roots and Tubers,Total + (Total)
146,306
A
27,712.4
Fc
4,054,490
A
Treenuts,Total + (Total)
503,667
A
1,788.1
Fc
900,597
A
Vegetables Primary + (Total)
711,857
A
26,239.1
Fc
18,678,490
A
Vegetables&Melons, Total + (Total)
711,857
A
26,239.1
Fc
18,678,490
A
  • = Unofficial figure | [ ] = Official data | A = May include official, semi-official or estimated data | F = FAO estimate | Fc = Calculated data | Im = FAO data based on imputation methodology | M = Data not available
Source: FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2012 | 27 April 2012
References
1-http://faostat.fao.org/site/609/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=609#ancor
2-http://www.en.iran.ir/about/people
3-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran
4-http://www.en.iran.ir/about
5-http://www.en.iran.ir/about/people
6-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_cuisine
7-http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions
8-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran
9-http://www.en.iran.ir/about/climate
10-http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
11-Agriculture Research Station of Gonbad
12-International rankings of Iran
Edited by vào lúc

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