The view of the global rice today
Introduction
Rice is the seed of
the monocot plants Oryza
sativa (Asian
rice) or Oryza
glaberrima
(African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple
food for
a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia, Africa
and South America . It is the grain with the
third-highest worldwide production, after maize (corn) and wheat.
But rice is the main food for about a half of the world populaion in all
historical periods.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for
purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with
regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of
the calories consumed
worldwide by the human species.
There are many varieties of rice and culinary
preferences tend to vary regionally. Because of its importance as a staple
food, rice has considerable cultural importance. Now rice cultivation is
well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as
it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. Although its
parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa ,
centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures
worldwide.
About nutritional value, in 100 g of white,
long-grain of raw rice contains:
Energy
|
1,527 kJ
(365 kcal)
|
Pantothenic acid (B5)
|
1.014 mg (20%)
|
Carbohydrates
|
80 g
|
Vitamin B6
|
0.164 mg (13%)
|
- Sugars
|
0.12 g
|
Calcium
|
28 mg (3%)
|
- Dietary
fiber
|
1.3 g
|
Iron
|
0.80 mg (6%)
|
Fat
|
0.66 g
|
Magnesium
|
25 mg (7%)
|
Protein
|
7.13 g
|
Manganese
|
1.088 mg (52%)
|
Water
|
11.61 g
|
Phosphorus
|
115 mg (16%)
|
Thiamine (vit. B1)
|
0.0701 mg (6%)
|
Potassium
|
115 mg (2%)
|
Riboflavin (vit. B2)
|
0.0149 mg (1%)
|
Zinc
|
1.09 mg (11%)
|
Niacin (vit. B3)
|
1.62 mg (11%)
|
Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food
in many parts of the world, but it is not a complete protein: it does not
contain all of the essential
amino acids in
sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources
of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans, fish, or meat.
Rice is the staple food of over half the world's
population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in
Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in
Africa . Rice provides 20% of the world’s
dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize 5%.
History of domestication and cultivation
The old history
Rice
cultivation appeared in Asia about 4000 years and in Africa
about 3500 years ago. The word
“rice” first attested in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word rice derives
from the Old
French ris,
which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza,
which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza).
-Rice
in Asia
The commonly accepted view is that rice was first
domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley
in China
Soon afterwards the two major varieties of Indica
and Japonica/Sinica rice
were being grown in Central China . In the late
3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into
mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India
and Nepal
The earliest remains of rice in the Indian
subcontinent have
been found in the Indo-Gangetic
Plain and date from 7000–6000 BC though the earliest widely accepted date for
cultivated rice is placed at around 3000–2500 BC with findings in regions
belonging to the Indus
Valley Civilization. Perennial wild rices still grow in Assam and Nepal India
Today, the majority of all rice produced comes
from China , India , Indonesia , Pakistan ,
Bangladesh , Vietnam , Thailand , Myanmar , Philippines ,
and Japan
-Rice in Africa
African rice has been cultivated for 3500 years.
Between 1500 and 800 BC, Oryza glaberrima propagated from
its original centre, the Niger River delta,
and extended to Senegal Africa conquer its famine of 1203.
-Rice in Middle
East
In Iraq rice
was grown in some areas of southern Iraq valley of Volga Egypt Palestine ,
modern day Israel , rice came to be grown in the Jordan Valley Yemen
-Rice in Europe
The Moors brought Asiatic rice to the Iberian Peninsula in the 10th century. Records indicate
it was grown in Valencia and Majorca .
In Majorca , rice cultivation seems to have
stopped after the Christian conquest, although historians are not
certain.
Muslims also brought rice to Sicily,
where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa (1468)
or in the Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico
Sforza, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms.
After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France
-Rice in Caribbean and Latin America
Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin
America and
the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date with Spanish
colonizers introducing Asian
rice to
Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz
Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved
Africans played
an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African
rice was
an important crop from an early period.
The Native Americans of
the what is now the Eastern United States may
have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice.
-Rice in United States
In 1694, rice arrived in South Carolina , probably originating from Madagascar
In the United States , colonial South Carolina and Georgia grew
and amassed great wealth from the Slavery labor obtained from the Senegambia area
of West Africa and from coastal Sierra
Leone
Rice culture in the southeastern U.S.
The cultivar has
been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a
commercially grown crop.
In the southern United
States , rice has been grown in southern Arkansas , Louisiana ,
and east Texas
In recent years rice production has risen in North
America, especially in the Mississippi River Delta areas
in the states of Arkansas and Mississippi
More than 100 varieties of rice are commercially
produced primarily in six states (Arkansas , Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri ,
and California ) in the U.S.
Rice production in the U.S. U.S. U.S.
Rice in Australia
Rice was one of the earliest crops planted in Australia by British settlers, who had
experience with rice plantations in the Americas
Although attempts to grow rice in the well-watered
north of Australia
In the 1920s it was seen as a possible irrigation crop
on soils within the Murray-Darling Basin
Because irrigation water, despite the extremely
low runoff of temperate Australia
Even before this Australia 's
rice production greatly exceeded local needs, and rice exports to Japan
The Australian rice industry is
somewhat opportunistic, with the area planted varying significantly from season
to season depending on water allocations in the Murray and Murrumbidgee irrigation regions.
Near
history
Between 1961 and 2002, per capita consumption of
rice increased by 40%.
Rice is the most important crop in Asia . In Cambodia
Rice yields
range from less than 1 ton/ha under very poor rainfed conditions to more than
10 t/ha in intensive temperate irrigated systems.
Rice grows in
a wide range of environments and is productive in many situations where other
crops would fail. Trere aer three main rice-growing environments are based on
their hydrological characteristics and include irrigated, rainfed lowland, and
rainfed upland.
-Irrigated rice environments
Worldwide,
about 80 million ha of irrigated lowland rice provide 75% of the world’s rice
production. These systems remain the most important rice production systems for
food security, particularly in Asian countries. Rice grown under irrigated conditions
produces 75% of the world's rice. Irrigated rice receives about 40% of the world’s irrigation water and 30% of the world’s developed freshwater resources. At present, average irrigated yields are about 5.4 t/ha. In temperate climatic regions, a single irrigated rice crop is grown per year, with high yield that can reach 8–10 t/ha or more.
produces 75% of the world's rice. Irrigated rice receives about 40% of the world’s irrigation water and 30% of the world’s developed freshwater resources. At present, average irrigated yields are about 5.4 t/ha. In temperate climatic regions, a single irrigated rice crop is grown per year, with high yield that can reach 8–10 t/ha or more.
-Rainfed lowland environments
Rainfed lowland
rice is grown in bunded fields that are flooded with rainwater for at least
part of the cropping season. About 60 million ha of rainfed lowlands supply
about 20% of the world’s rice production. Rainfed rice environments experience
multiple abiotic stresses and high uncertainty in timing, duration, and
intensity of rainfall.
Some 27
million ha of rainfed rice are frequently affected by drought. Up to 20 million
ha may suffer from uncontrolled flooding, ranging from flash floods of
relatively short duration to deepwater areas that may be submerged under more
than 100 cm of water for a few months. Deepwater rice and floating rice are
found in flood-prone environments, where the fields suffer periodically from
such excess water. Salinity is widespread in coastal areas.
Rainfed
lowland rice predominates in areas of greatest poverty: South Asia, parts of
Southeast Asia, and essentially all of Africa .
Because the environments are so difficult and yields so unreliable, farmers
rarely apply fertilizer and tend to not grow improved varieties. Thus, yields
are very low (1–2.5 t/ha) and farm families remain trapped in poverty.
-Rainfed upland environments
Upland rice is
grown under dryland conditions in mixed farming systems without irrigation
and without puddling. It covers about 14 million ha but, because of many
constraints that cause low yields (typically only about 1 t/ha), it
contributes only 4% of the world’s total rice production.
Some 70% of Asia ’s upland rice areas have made the transition to
permanent systems where rice is grown every year and is closely integrated
with other crops and livestock.
In Central and
West Africa, the rice belt of Africa , upland
areas represent about 40% of the area under rice cultivation and employ
about 70% of the region’s rice farmers.
-Others of rice environments
Deepwater rice or floating rice are varieties
of rice (Oryza sativa) grown in flooded
conditions with water more than 50 cm (20 in) deep for at least a
month. More than 100 million people
in South and Southeast Asia rely on deepwater
rice for their sustenance. There are two adaptations which permit the rice to
thrive in deeper water, floating rice and traditional talls.
Traditional talls are varieties that are grown at
water depths of between 50 and 100 cm and have developed to be taller and
have longer leaves than standard rice.
Floating rice grows in water deeper than 100 cm, through
advanced elongation ability.
The Indica cultivar is
the main type of deepwater rice, although varieties of Japonica have been found
in Burma, Bangladesh and
India
Today the wild rice in the Americas
Some views of the world rice production after 2000
Continued use the new improvement rice varieties
There are four major categories of rice worldwide: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous.
The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable, either in
food preparation or agriculture, so as a result, each major variety is a
completely separate market from other varieties. It is common for one variety
of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price.
The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the
IRRI in the Philippines
Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavours;
the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna
rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar
from America
High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for
cultivation in Africa and other dry ecosystems called
the new rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars have been developed.
It is hoped that their cultivation will improve food
security in
West Africa .
The High Yielding Varieties are a group of crops
created intentionally during the Green Revolutionto increase global food
production.
In the
presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these
varieties increase their yield two to three times.
Pests and diseases
Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with
the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds).
Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, snail
(golden snail), rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest
outbreaks, including the overuse of pesticides, improper irrigation and
high rates of nitrogen
fertilizer application.
Major rice pests include the brown
planthopper, the rice gall
midge, the rice bug, the rice leafroller, rice
weevils, stemborer,
panicle rice mite, rats,
and the weed Echinochloa
crusgali.
Major rice diseases include Rice
ragged stunt, Sheath Blight and tungro. Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe
grisea, is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. There
is also an ascomycete fungus, Cochliobolus
miyabeanus, that causes brown spot disease in rice.
At present, rice pest management includes cultural
techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which
include insecticide).
Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often
unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks.
The IRRI demonstrated
in 1993 that a 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in
pest numbers. IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively,
which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam
Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest
management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage
crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened.
Weather condictions
Weather conditions also contribute to pest
outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army
worm outbreaks
tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrip
soutbreaks are associated with drought.
Unmilled rice, known as paddy, is usually
harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%.
Distribution and trade
Because of the importance of rice to human
nutrition and food security in Asia , the
domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement.
World trade figures are very different to those
for production, as only about 5–6% of rice produced is traded internationally.
In economic terms, the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world
mercantile trade. Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and
various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and
interventions.
Developing countries are the main players in the
world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there
are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five
countries – Thailand , Vietnam , China ,
the United States and India
Worldwide rice production to 2010
Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the
population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa ; it is central to the food security of over half
the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total
production, with China and India
World production of rice has risen steadily from
about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 696 million tonnes in
2010, reached a new record of the world rice production history.
In 2010 rice
is grown in more than a hundred countries, with a total harvested area in 2010
of approximately 158 million hectares, producing more approximately 700 million
tons paddy) annually (470 million tons of milled rice). About 90% of the rice
in the world is grown in Asia (nearly 640
million tons). Sub-Saharan Africa produces about 19 million tons and Latin America some 25 million tons. In Asia and
sub-Saharan Africa , almost all rice is grown
on small farms of 0.5−3 hectares.
World trade
in rice in 2010 is predicted to recover slightly to 30.5 million
tonnes. This increase is supported by a strong import demand from Asian
countries, especially the Philippines
The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes
per hectare, in 2010.
Australian rice farms were the most productive in
2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes/ha.
Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice
Research and Development Center ,
China
In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in
decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand ,
Vietnam and India China
Major importers usually include Nigeria , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Saudi
Arabia , Iran , Iraq , Malaysia ,
the Philippines , Brazil and
some African and Persian Gulf countries. Although China and India
The following table shows the area, yield and
product of rice (paddy) on the world on 1961, 2000 and 2010:
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division
2012 | 18 April 2012
The following table shows the area, yield and
product of rice (paddy) on the world on 1961, 2000 and 2010:
Production of rice by country (metric ton)
|
1961
(metric ton)
|
2000
(metric ton)
|
2007
(metric ton)
|
2010
(metric ton)
|
Rank
2010
|
People's
Republic of
|
56,000,000
|
189,814,060
|
~197,000,000
|
197,212,010
|
1
|
53,494,500
|
127,465,000
|
~131,000,000
|
120,620,000
|
2
|
|
12,084,000
|
51,898,000
|
~64,000,000
|
66,411,500
|
3
|
|
14,426,200
|
37,627,500
|
~45,000,000
|
49,355,000
|
4
|
|
8,997,400
|
32,529,500
|
~39,000,000
|
39,988,900
|
5
|
|
10,150,000
|
25,843,900
|
~31,000,000
|
31,597,200
|
7
|
|
6,834,100
|
21,323,900
|
~31,000,000
|
33,204,500
|
6
|
|
3,910,100
|
12,389,400
|
~16,000,000
|
15,771,700
|
8
|
|
5,392,480
|
11,089,800
|
~13,000,000
|
11,308,900
|
9
|
|
16,160,400
|
11,863,000
|
~11,000,000
|
10,600,000
|
11
|
|
1,690,000
|
7,203,900
|
~10,000,000
|
7,235,000
|
12
|
|
2,458,000
|
8,657,820
|
~10,000,000
|
11,027,000
|
10
|
Source: FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division
2012 | 18 April 2012
The world rice production in the recent years (2011-2012)
The world rice in 2011
World rice inventories rise to their
highest level in ten years.
At the current estimate of 482 million
tonnes (723 million tonnes of paddy), world rice production would be 3.4
percent larger than in 2010, reflecting a combination of good weather and
attractive prices, which encouraged producers to expand the area under rice by
an estimated 2.4 percent to 165 million hectares.
Average yields are also set to rise by
about 1 percent to 2.9 tonnes per hectare (4.38 tonnes, paddy basis).
The
International Grains Council (IGC) now puts world rice production in 2010-11 at
450 million tonnes, up 10 million from the year before. It has consumption at
448 million tonnes, allowing a 3-million-tonne increase in stocks to 97 million
tonnes, an eight-year peak. The IGC had the previous year’s rice production at
440 million tonnes, with consumption at 437 million.
Top Ten Rice Producing Countries in the World 2011
Rice is a
staple food that is eaten by a large population of the world especially Asia where 92% of the total rice is produced. Over the
last few decades, the consumption of Rice has increased rapidly which has made
it a valuable commodity. Here is the list of top ten Rice producing countries
in the world in 2011.
1. China : The
people republic of China
2. India : The
Asian giant comes second to its rival china in this list with a production of
137 Million Tons; India
3. Indonesia
4. Bangladesh : The
fertile land of Bangladesh
5. Vietnam
6. Thailand
7. Myanmar : A
country plagued with a lot of problems, Myanmar
8. Philippines : The
archipelago in the Indian ocean features eight
in our list for its production of 15.3 Million tons of rice, a less significant
part in world economy than others on the list.
9. Brazil : The
Land of the Amazon, Brazil
10. Japan
Outlook for the world rice production in 2012
-As a result, 2012 world rice inventories
are expected to rise by 8 percent, or 11 million tonnes, to a decade-high of
148 million tonnes.
-As a result, the world rice stock-to-use
ratio, an important indicator of food security, is estimated to reach 31.8
percent in 2012, up from 29.3 percent in 2011.
-Global rice
production in 2011-12 is forecast at a record 457.9 million tonnes(milled basis),, up 1% from
2010-11. The top 10 rice-producing countries (China, India, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, Brazil, and Japan), all
except Brazil and Japan are expected to harvest larger crops in 2011-12, with
record production projected for Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka,
Thailand and Vietnam.”
-But in other source the World rice
utilization in 2011/12 is forecast to expand by 2.4 percent to 472 million
tonnes (milled basis), sustained by an increase in consumption of rice as food,
close to 398 million tonnes.
-As for food, the average per capita rice
consumption is forecast to approach 57 kg in 2012, about 1 percent more than in
2011.
-Following an 8% expansion to an all time
high in 2011, a weakening demand may depress international rice trade in 2012.
-FAO anticipates international rice trade
to expand by 8% in calendar year 2011 to an all time high of 34.0 million
tonnes (milled basis).
-This year, both Bangladesh and Indonesia
-Bumper harvests are expected to enable China
-Large supplies are expected to sustain an
increase in per capita rice consumption despite prevailing high domestic
prices.
Future potential of the world rice
New rice for Africa (NERICA)
As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to
spread global economic development to Africa ,
the "Green Revolution" is cited as the model for economic
development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in
agronomic productivity, groups like the Earth Institute are
doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase
productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of "New
Rices for Africa " (NERICA).
These rices, selected to tolerate the low input
and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture are produced by the African Rice
Center , and billed as technology
"from Africa, for Africa ". The NERICA
have appeared in The
New York Times (October
10, 2007) and International
Herald Tribune (October
9, 2007), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield
in Africa and enable an economic resurgence.
Ongoing research in China
Golden rice
Rice kernels do not contain vitamin
A, so people who obtain most of their calories from rice are at risk of vitamin
A deficiency. German and Swiss researchers have genetically
engineered rice
to produce beta-carotene,
the precursor to vitamin A, in the rice kernel. The beta-carotene turns the
processed (white) rice a "gold" color, hence the name "golden
rice".
The beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in
humans who consume the rice. Although some rice strains produce beta-carotene
in the hull, no non-genetically engineered strains have been found that produce
beta-carotene in the kernel, despite the testing of thousands of strains.
Additional efforts are being made to improve the quantity and quality of other
nutrients in golden rice.
C4 rice: The new world rice variety of the future
With an aim to
potentially double rice yields, the International C4 Rice
Consortium is made up of scientist working together to understand the
genes responsible for different photosynthesis mechanisms in plants.
Ultimately,
the consortium hopes to find a way to replace the photosynthetic mechanism in
rice with a more efficient mechanism in an attempt to meet worldwide
demand for this staple cereal.
The Consortium is led by the IRRI based in the
Phillipines and is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
"The need for quantitative tools to rapidly select
plants which will perform and yield better in our future climate is a major
driver for new technologies,"
The objective
of the C4 rice project is not only to increase yield, but to improve fertiliser
and water use efficiency in rice crops.
To achieve
this a better understanding of the photosyntheitc pathways in plants is
needed.
While the
majority of plant species use C3 photosynthesis, C4 plants have a competitive
advantage over C3 under warmer conditions and under drought and limited
nitrogen.
For example,
with the same input of water and nitrogen, maize (which uses C4 photosynthesis)
can produce twice the biomass and yield of rice (which uses C3 photosynthesis).
This is
achieved in C4 plants though a biochemical 'supercharger' mechanism which
concentrates carbon dioxide inside the leaf, raising the efficiency of
photosynthesis.
In close
collaboration with researchers from the IRRIin the Philippines ,
CSIRO scientists at the High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre in Canberra
Using advanced
research tools, such as fluorescence microscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence and
high throughput image analysis, scientists at the HRPPC hope to identify the
genes necessary to better understand these pathways and supercharge C3
photosynthesis.
Hybrid rices and Super-Hybrid rices
Hybrid rice
technology aims to increase the yield potential of rice beyond the level of
inbred high-yielding varieties (HYVs) by exploiting the phenomenon of hybrid
vigour or heterosis. This technology has been successfully developed and widely
adopted by farmers in China
Currently,
about 15 million ha (Mha) out of a total of 30 Mha of rice area is covered with
hybrid rice in China China
A new hybrid rice developed by Chinese rice breeding
experts is one of the world's most productive varieties, producing less than
18,000 kilograms per hectare. One of the experts say the new breed is expected
to be widely used, not only for its high output, but also its adaptability and
strong immunity to pests and diseases. Numbered 7954, this hybrid rice was
jointly developed by the Zhejiang and Yunnan academies of agricultural science.
Source: China
References
4-World Rice Statistics: for the latest figures about
global rice production
5-Rice Knowledge Bank: for practical
information on growing rice for farmers and extension staff
11-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice
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